Understand

Credits, regulations, and why it matters now

Whether you are an agricultural producer, an enterprise, or a public institution — the environmental credit economy is about to change how you operate. Here is what you need to know.

The basics

What is an environmental credit?

An environmental credit is a certified unit that represents a measurable environmental benefit — typically one tonne of CO₂ removed from or prevented from entering the atmosphere.

When a farmer improves soil health through regenerative practices, the soil captures carbon from the atmosphere and stores it underground. This captured carbon can be measured, verified, and certified as a credit — a digital asset with financial value.

Companies that emit CO₂ purchase these credits to offset their emissions. This is not voluntary generosity — it is increasingly required by law.

ACTIVITYCO₂ removedMEASURESensors verifyCERTIFYCredit issuedTRADEBuyer purchasesRETIREOffset claimed
1 credit
1 tonne CO₂ removed or avoided
€15–150
Market value depending on quality of proof
Growing
Demand increasing as regulations tighten
GHG Protocol

The global standard for measuring emissions

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) is the world's most widely used framework for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. It divides emissions into three categories called "Scopes."

SCOPE 3UPSTREAMSuppliersRaw materialsTransportPurchased goodsSCOPE 1Direct emissionsYour facilitiesSCOPE 2Indirect energyElectricity, heatYOUR COMPANYSCOPE 3DOWNSTREAMDistributionProduct useEnd of lifeInvestments
Scope 1
Direct emissions

Emissions from sources you own or control. Your factories, your vehicles, your heating systems. You can measure these directly.

Scope 2
Indirect energy emissions

Emissions from the electricity, heat, or steam you purchase. You don't burn the fuel, but the power plant does on your behalf.

Scope 3
Value chain emissions

Everything else — your suppliers, your customers using your products, employee commuting, waste disposal. Typically 70–90% of a company's total footprint. The hardest to measure. The most important to address.

The critical problem: most companies estimate their Scope 3 using industry averages and models. No company on earth knows all emission sources in its value chain. Physical measurement infrastructure changes this equation — instead of estimating, you measure. Instead of declaring, you prove.

The market

Who buys credits and why?

Companies don't buy environmental credits because they want to. They buy them because they have to — or because they soon will have to. Every major economy is tightening the rules.

Large enterprises (>250 employees)
CSRD requires verified sustainability reporting. Auditors check. Fines for non-compliance.
Importers into the EU
CBAM taxes embedded carbon in imported goods. No verified data = maximum tax rate applied.
Airlines
CORSIA mandatory phase starts 2027. International flights must be offset with certified credits.
Agricultural cooperatives and food distributors
Value chain pressure from CSRD-regulated clients. Plus: waste valorization obligations under AGEC law.
Multinationals with net-zero commitments
Public pledges require verified progress. Stakeholders, investors, and regulators are watching.
Regulations explained

The rules are changing. Here is what each one means.

No jargon. No legal language. Just what each regulation requires and who it affects.

CSRDCorporate Sustainability Reporting Directive
Who: EU companies with >250 employees or >€50M revenue

You must publish a verified sustainability report every year. It must include your carbon footprint across all Scopes. Auditors will check the data — estimates alone may not survive scrutiny.

First reports due 2025. Expanding to smaller companies by 2026.
CBAMCarbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
Who: Anyone importing steel, cement, aluminium, fertilizers, electricity, or hydrogen into the EU

You must declare the carbon content of your imports and purchase CBAM certificates to cover it. If you cannot prove the actual carbon content, the EU applies the default value — which is the worst-case scenario.

Reporting since 2024. Financial obligations from 2026.
EU ETSEU Emissions Trading System
Who: Heavy industry, power generation, aviation within EEA

You must hold emission allowances for every tonne of CO₂ you emit. Allowances are capped and decrease each year. The price per tonne has ranged from €50 to €100+. If you don't have enough allowances, you pay penalties.

Operating since 2005. Cap tightening annually toward 2030 target.
CORSIACarbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
Who: International airlines

Airlines must offset emissions from international flights that exceed 2019 baseline levels. Offsets must come from approved programs with verified carbon credits.

Voluntary phase 2021–2026. Mandatory phase from 2027.
GHG ProtocolGreenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard
Who: Any organization measuring and reporting emissions

The global standard for categorizing emissions into Scope 1, 2, and 3. Serves as the foundation for CSRD, CDP, SBTi, and most corporate climate commitments. Currently being revised to address weaknesses in market-based reporting.

Used worldwide. Major revision process underway 2024–2026.
AGECLoi Anti-Gaspillage pour une Économie Circulaire
Who: Food distributors, manufacturers, retailers in France

You must reduce food waste by 50% compared to 2015 levels. Destruction of unsold food is prohibited. Surplus must be donated or valorized. Non-compliance triggers increasing penalties.

Distribution targets: 2025. All sectors: 2030.
Are you concerned?

Find your position in the credit economy

You are an agricultural producer
Your land sequesters carbon. With continuous measurement infrastructure, every tonne captured becomes a certified credit you can sell. New revenue stream from existing land.
→ Producer
You are a food distributor or grossiste
Your waste can generate credits through organic valorization. Your supply chain data is required by CSRD-regulated clients. And AGEC mandates waste reduction. One infrastructure solves all three.
→ Producer + Buyer
You are an enterprise with >250 employees
CSRD requires verified reporting. What you cannot reduce, you must offset with certified credits. Audit-proof data is no longer optional.
→ Buyer
You are an EU importer
CBAM applies to your imports. Verified carbon data reduces your tax bill. No data means default rates — the worst case.
→ Buyer
You are an airline
CORSIA mandatory phase 2027. You need certified credits from approved programs.
→ Buyer
You are a public institution or territory
Your agricultural land, your waste streams, your territorial development programs can all generate measurable environmental value through MRV infrastructure.
→ Enabler
The quality gap

Not all credits are equal

A credit based on an estimate and a credit based on physical measurement are not the same product. The market is learning this — and pricing accordingly.

DECLARATIVE€5–15Low trust, high riskSTANDARD€30–80Verified, periodic auditsMEASURED€60–150+Physical proof, premium
MeasurementEstimated from models and averagesContinuous physical sensors on site
VerificationPeriodic audit (annual or less)Automated, continuous, cryptographic proof
Audit riskHigh — methodology may be challengedNear zero — data is independently verifiable
CSRD complianceUncertain — auditors increasingly skepticalDesigned for audit survival
Market value€5–15/tonne and falling€60–150/tonne and rising
Buyer confidenceDeclining — greenwashing accusationsGrowing — physical proof is unchallengeable

Now you understand the landscape.
See how we build the infrastructure.

From physical measurement to certified credits — the complete MRV infrastructure.

See the infrastructure